A. Principles of Common Law

1. List four functions of the judiciary in Nigeria.
Answer: Interpretation of laws, settlement of disputes, protection of rights, and judicial review.

2. Explain the term “Rule of Law.”
Answer: Everyone, including leaders, is subject to the law. No one is above it.

3. State three differences between customary law and common law.
Answer: Differences include source (tradition vs statute), flexibility, and codification.

4. What is judicial precedence?
Answer: Decisions of higher courts are binding on lower courts in similar cases.

5. List four sources of customary law.
Answer: Tradition, community customs, judicial decisions, and native authorities.

6. Explain the meaning of “Natural Justice.”
Answer: Fairness in decision-making, including the right to a fair hearing and absence of bias.

7. What do you understand by the term “Separation of Powers”?
Answer: Division of government functions among the executive, legislature, and judiciary.

8. Outline four features of the Nigerian Constitution.
Answer: Supremacy, written form, fundamental rights, and federal structure.

9. Explain the term “Case Law.”
Answer: Law developed through court decisions rather than legislation.

10. Define legislation and give two examples.
Answer: Laws made by the legislature, e.g., Acts of Parliament and Edicts.

11. What is delegated legislation?
Answer: Laws made by bodies or authorities under powers granted by the legislature.

12. State three limitations to Fundamental Human Rights.
Answer: Public security, public morality, and public order.

13. Explain the concept of “Habeas Corpus.”
Answer: A court order requiring that a person in detention be brought before a judge.

14. Mention four offences that are classified as felonies.
Answer: Murder, rape, armed robbery, and treason.

15. Describe the doctrine of “Equity.”
Answer: Principles based on fairness that supplement the strict rules of law.

16. State three characteristics of equity.
Answer: Flexibility, fairness, and use of maxims and discretion in decision-making.

17. What is the difference between civil law and criminal law?
Answer: Civil law settles disputes between individuals; criminal law punishes offences against society.

18. Explain the term “Tort” and give two examples.
Answer: A civil wrong; examples: negligence and defamation.

19. State three remedies available in the law of tort.
Answer: Damages (compensation), injunction (court order to stop action), and specific performance (enforcing action).

20. Explain what is meant by “Vicarious Liability.”
Answer: An employer is responsible for wrongful acts committed by an employee during employment.

B. Contract & Employment Law

21. Define a contract.
Answer: A legally binding agreement between parties.

22. List five types of contracts recognised in Nigeria.
Answer: Express, implied, written, oral, and simple contracts.

23. State four conditions that make a contract voidable.
Answer: Misrepresentation, duress, undue influence, and mistake.

24. Explain the meaning of “Offer” in contract formation.
Answer: A definite proposal to form a contract, inviting acceptance.

25. Distinguish between offer and invitation to treat.
Answer: An offer is final and binding upon acceptance; an invitation to treat invites negotiation.

26. State three factors that can terminate a contract.
Answer: Lapse of time, revocation, acceptance, or death of a party.

27. Define “Consideration” in contract law.
Answer: Something of value exchanged between parties to make a contract valid.

28. Mention three duties of an employee.
Answer: Obedience, loyalty, and diligence.

29. List five rights of an employee under Nigerian labour law.
Answer: Fair wages, safe working conditions, leave, pension, and fair treatment.

30. State three duties of an employer.
Answer: Pay wages, provide safety, and supply necessary tools.

31. Explain the term “Collective Bargaining.”
Answer: Negotiation between employers and unions on terms of employment.

32. What is a breach of contract?
Answer: Failure to perform obligations agreed in the contract.

C. Local Legislation & Government

33. Which arm of government is responsible for interpreting laws?
Answer: The judiciary.

34. List five functions of the Executive arm.
Answer: Implement laws, maintain order, administer services, enforce decisions, and manage ministries.

35. Explain the term “Legislature.”
Answer: The law-making arm of government.

36. State three reasons why local governments are created.
Answer: Grassroots development, decentralisation of power, and local participation.

37. Mention four functions of the local government.
Answer: Sanitation, roads, markets, and primary education.

38. List the three tiers of government in Nigeria.
Answer: Federal, state, and local government.

39. Mention three sources of revenue for local governments.
Answer: Taxes, fees, and grants.

40. State three challenges faced by local governments in Nigeria.
Answer: Corruption, inadequate funding, and political interference.

41. What is the primary role of the State House of Assembly?
Answer: Making state laws.

42. List four types of bills in the legislative process.
Answer: Public, private, appropriation, and constitutional amendment bills.

43. Explain the meaning of “Bye-Laws.”
Answer: Local government regulations that govern specific local matters.

44. State three differences between state laws and federal laws.
Answer: Jurisdiction, scope, and authority of enactment.

D. Civil Service & Administration

45. List five characteristics of the civil service.
Answer: Permanence, neutrality, anonymity, hierarchy, and specialisation.

46. Mention four roles of civil servants in policy implementation.
Answer: Advising ministers, implementing policies, maintaining records, and providing continuity.

47. Explain the concept of “Neutrality” in the civil service.
Answer: Civil servants must serve without political bias.

48. State three duties of a Permanent Secretary.
Answer: Overseeing ministry operations, managing staff, and advising ministers.

49. What are parastatals?
Answer: Government-owned agencies or corporations.

50. Mention four functions of government ministries.
Answer: Policy formulation, coordination, supervision, and regulation.

51. List five qualities of an effective administrator.
Answer: Leadership, communication, integrity, decisiveness, and organisation.

52. Explain the meaning of “Official Secrecy.”
Answer: Confidentiality of government information.

53. Mention three causes of inefficiency in the civil service.
Answer: Corruption, bureaucracy, and low morale.

54. State four roles of public corporations.
Answer: Provide services, regulate markets, create employment, and implement government policies.

55. What is “Code of Conduct” in public service?
Answer: Rules guiding behaviour of public officers.

56. Explain the term “Due Process.”
Answer: Following correct legal and administrative procedures in decision-making.